Rubber mixtures containing silicic acid and sulfur-containing additives

ABSTRACT

The present invention relates to silica-containing rubber mixture produced from at least one rubber, from a sulphur-containing alkoxysilane, from a crosslinking agent, from a filler, and optionally from further rubber auxiliaries, where the said mixture comprises from 0.1 to 15 parts by weight, based on 100 parts by weight of rubber used, of a silicon-free polysulphide additive of the formula (I) 
       A-S—(S) x —S—Y—S—(S) x —S-A  (I)
         where x is 0, 1 or 2,   Y is an optionally substituted or heteroatom-containing aliphatic, cycloaliphatic or aromatic group and   A is a moiety       

     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
         
         
           
             where R 1  to R 2  are identical or different and are hydrogen, C 1 -C 6 -alkyl, C 5 -C 6 -cycloalkyl, C 6 -C 10 -aryl or a group —CH 2 —OR 5 , —CH 2 —CH 2 —OR 5 , —NHR 5 , —COR 5 , —COOR 5 , —CH 2 COOR 5 , where R 5 =hydrogen, C 1 -C 6 -alkyl, C 5 -C 6 -cycloalkyl, C 6 -C 10 -aryl or C 1 -C 6 -acyl, or 
             A is a moiety 
           
         
       
    
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
         
         
           
             in which R 1  and R 2  are identical or different and are hydrogen, C 1 -C 6 -alkyl, C 5 -C 5 -cycloalkyl, C 6 -C 10 -aryl or a group —CH 2 —OR 5 , —CH 2 —CH 2 —OR 5 , —NHR 5 , —COR 5 , —COOR 5 , —CH 2 COOR 5 , where R 5 =hydrogen, C 1 -C 6 -alkyl, C 5 -C 6 -cycloalkyl, C 6 -C 10 -aryl or C 1 -C 6 -acyl, or 
             A is a moiety 
           
         
       
    
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
         
         
           
             in which R 1  to R 2  are identical or different and hydrogen, C 1 -C 6 -alkyl, C 5 -C 6 -cycloalkyl, C 6 -C 10 -aryl or a group —CH 2 —OR 5 , —CH 2 —CH 2 —OR 5 , —NHR 5 , —COR 5 , —COOR 5 , —CH 2 COOR 5 , where R 5 =hydrogen, C 1 -C 6 -alkyl, C 5 -C 6 -cycloalkyl, C 6 -C 10 -aryl or C 1 -C 6 -acyl, and R 6  is hydrogen, C 1 -C 6 -alkyl, C 5 -C 6 -cycloalkyl, C 6 -C 10 -aryl or a group —CH 2 —OR 5 , —CH 2 —CH 2 —OR 5 , —NHR 5 , —COR 5 , —COOR 5 , —CH 2 COOR 5 , where R 5 =hydrogen, C 1 -C 6 -alkyl, C 5 -C 6 -cycloalkyl, C 6 -C 10 -aryl or C 1 -C 6 -acyl and y is 0, 1 or 2.

The present invention relates to silica-containing rubber mixtures which comprise sulphur-containing additives, and to use of these and to rubber vulcanizates produced therefrom.

A number of proposed solutions have been devised for producing tyres with reduced rolling resistance. DE-A 2 255 577 and 4 435 311, EP-A1 0 0670 347, and also U.S. Pat. No. 4,709,065 have described certain polysulphidic silanes as reinforcing additives for silica-containing rubber vulcanizates. A disadvantage with the use of the polysulphidic silanes described in those documents as reinforcing additives for silica-containing rubber vulcanizates is however that relatively large amounts of the expensive polysulphidic silanes are required to achieve acceptable processability, and that hardness is unsatisfactory.

Further additional materials, such as fatty acid esters, fatty acid salts or mineral oils, have been proposed for improving the processability of silica-containing rubber mixtures. The additional materials mentioned have the disadvantage of increasing flowability but at the same time reducing the moduli at relatively high elongation (e.g. from 100% to 300%), or else the hardness, of the vulcanizates, and thus impairing the reinforcing effect of the filler. Inadequate hardness or stiffness of the vulcanizate results in unsatisfactory running performance of the tyre, particularly in curves.

An increase in the amount added in the reinforcing filler increases the hardness of the vulcanizate, but the higher viscosity of the mixture is disadvantageous for processability, and the same applies to a reduction in the amount of the plasticizing oil.

EP 1 134 253 describes polyether additives for silica-containing rubber vulcanizates which do not exhibit the abovementioned disadvantage of reducing the modulus. However, the person skilled in the art requires a usage amount of 8% by weight of the product, based on the rubber, in order to increase the Shore A hardness value by 3 units. The low modulus at 300% elongation is disadvantageous.

EP 0 489 313 describes additives with good mechanical properties and with improved hysteresis performance. However, the examples reveal only slight, or no, increase of Shore A hardness in comparison with the prior art, bis[3-(triethoxysilyl)propyl]tetrasulphide according to German Offenlegungsschrift 2 255 577, and therefore no improvement of interaction between polymer and filler.

EP 1 000 968 moreover uses bis[-3-(triethoxysilyl)propyl]tetrasulphides in combination with a specific reversion stabilizer in SBR, where the 300 modulus values are very low and therefore inadequate.

EP 0 791 622 B1 describes a rubber composition with at least one diene-based elastomer, filler composed of silica and of carbon black, and also with silica-coupling agent selected from

-   (i) tetrathiodipropanol polysulphide mixture or -   (ii) combination of tetrathiodipropanol polysulphide and     bis(3-trialkoxysilylalkyl)polysulphide. In particular, the amount of     tetrathiodipropanol polysulphide is markedly greater than the amount     of bis(3-trialkoxysilylalkyl)polysulphide, and this is not     advantageous economically because the tetrathiodipropanol     polysulphide is relatively expensive. In addition, the said mixture     exhibits very low tensile strength values. It can be concluded that     the said mixture is too soft (as confirmed by the Shore A values     measured), as reflected in relatively poor running performance of     the tyre, and also a shortened lifetime.

It is an object of the present invention to provide rubber mixtures which comprise a specific combination of additional materials which do not impair the flowability of rubber mixtures and provide vulcanizates produced therefrom with good properties, in particular in respect of rolling resistance, abrasion and wet grip in tyres, while simultaneously markedly increasing the hardness or stiffness of the vulcanizate, with the possibility of resultant improvement in the running performance of tyres.

Surprisingly, it has now been found that, in combination with sulphur-containing alkoxysilanes, certain sulphur-containing additives do not adversely affect the flowability of rubber mixtures and lead to vulcanizates with good dynamic performance and with markedly increased hardness/stiffness and particularly to less abrasion.

The synergetic effect is believed to result from improved interaction between polymer and filler.

The invention therefore provides rubber mixtures produced from at least one rubber, from a sulphur-containing alkoxysilane, from a crosslinking agent, from a filler, and optionally from further rubber auxiliaries, and also from at least one silicon-free sulphur-containing additive of the formula (I)

A-S—(S)_(x)—S—Y—S—(S)_(x)—S-A  (I)

-   -   where x is 0, 1 or 2,     -   Y is an optionally substituted or heteroatom-containing         aliphatic, cycloaliphatic or aromatic group and     -   A is a moiety

-   -   where R¹ to R² are identical or different and are hydrogen,         C₁-C₆-alkyl, C₅-C₆-cycloalkyl, C₆-C₁₀-aryl or a group —CH₂—OR⁵,         —CH₂—CH₂—OR⁵, —NHR⁵, —COR⁵, —COOR⁵, —CH₂COOR⁵, where         R⁵=hydrogen, C₁-C₆-alkyl, C₅-C₆-cycloalkyl, C₆-C₁₀-aryl or         C₁-C₆-acyl, or     -   A is a moiety

-   -   in which R¹ and R² are identical or different and are hydrogen,         C₁-C₆-alkyl, C₅-C₆-cycloalkyl, C₆-C₁₀-aryl or a group —CH₂—OR⁵,         —CH₂—CH₂—OR⁵, —NHR⁵, —COR⁵, —COOR⁵, —CH₂COOR⁵, where         R⁵=hydrogen. C₁-C₆-alkyl, C₅-C₆-cycloalkyl, C₆-C₁₀-aryl or         C₁-C₆-acyl, or     -   A is a moiety

-   -   in which R¹ to R² are identical or different and hydrogen,         C₁-C₆-alkyl, C₅-C₆-cycloalkyl, C₆-C₁₀-aryl or a group —CH₂—OR⁵,         —CH₂—CH₂—OR⁵, —NHR⁵, —COR⁵, —COOR⁵, —CH₂COOR⁵, where R⁵         hydrogen, C₁-C₆-alkyl, C₅-C₆-cycloalkyl, C₆-C₁₀-aryl or         C₁-C₆-acyl, and R⁶ is hydrogen, C₁-C₆-alkyl, C₅-C₆-cycloalkyl,         C₆-C₁₀-aryl or a group —CH₂—OR⁵, —CH₂—CH₂—OR⁵, —NHR⁵, —COR⁵,         —COOR⁵, —CH₂COOR⁵, where R⁵=hydrogen, C₁-C₆-alkyl,         C₅-C₆-cycloalkyl, C₆-C₁₀-aryl or C₁-C₆-acyl and y is 0, 1 or 2.

It is particularly preferable that Y is one of the following groups:

—(—CH₂—)_(a)—

-   -   where a=from 2 to 12

-   -   where a=from 2 to 12

-   -   where b=from 1 to 4

-   -   where b=from 1 to 4.

It is very particularly preferable that Y is —(CH₂)₆—.

The expressions silicon-free sulphur-containing additive, polysulphide additive, silicon-free polysulphide additive and silicon-free polysulphide additive of the formula (I), and all formulae that derive therefrom, listed in the claims, are used as synonyms.

It is preferable to use at least one of the compounds of the formulae (II) and (III) as polysulphide additive.

It is preferable to use at least one of the compounds of the formulae (IV), (IVa), (V), (Va), (VI) and (VIa) as polysulphide additive.

It is preferable to use at least one compound of the formula (VII) as polysulphide additive.

It is preferable to use at least one of the compounds of the formula (VIII) as polysulphide additive,

in which R⁸, R⁹, R¹⁰ and R¹¹ are mutually independently hydrogen, C₁-C₆-alkyl, C₅-C₆-cycloalkyl, C₆-C₁₀-aryl or a group —CH₂—OR⁵, —CH₂—CH₂—OR⁵, —CH₂—COOR⁵, —CH₂—CH₂—COOR⁵, and R⁸ and R⁹ and, respectively, R¹⁰ and R¹¹ can optionally together with the respective nitrogen atom form a ring and R⁵ is as defined above and at least one of the moieties R⁸, R⁹, R¹⁰ and R¹¹ comprises one or more oxygen atoms.

It is preferable to use at least one compound of the formula (IX) as polysulphide additive.

It is preferable to use at least one compound of the formula (X) as polysulphide additive.

It is preferable to use at least one compound of the formula (XI) as polysulphide additive.

The examples list other preferred polysulphide additives.

It is preferable that the silica-containing rubber mixture according to the invention comprises at least one SBR rubber and at least one BR rubber.

It preferably comprises at least one SBR rubber and at least one BR rubber in an SBR:BR ratio by weight of from 60:40 to 90:10.

It can preferably also comprise at least one NR rubber.

It is preferable that it comprises at least one SBR rubber and at least one BR rubber and at least one NR rubber in a ratio of at least 60 and at most 85 percent by weight of SBR, based on rubber, and at least 10 and at most 35 percent by weight of BR, based on rubber, and at least 5 and at most 20 percent by weight of NR, based on rubber.

Synthetic rubbers are also suitable, alongside natural rubber, for producing the rubber mixtures according to the invention and the rubber vulcanizates according to the invention. Preferred synthetic rubbers are described by way of example in W. Hofmann, Kautschuktechnologie [Rubber technology], Genter-Verlag, Stuttgart 1980.

They encompass inter alia

-   BR—polybutadiene -   ABR—butadiene/C₁-C₄-alkyl acrylate copolymer -   CR—polychloroprene -   IR—polyisoprene -   SBR—styrene/butadiene copolymers with styrene contents of from 1 to     60% by weight, preferably from 20 to 50% by weight -   IIR—isobutylene/isoprene copolymers -   NBR—butadiene/acrylonitrile copolymers with acrylonitrile contents     of from 5 to 60% by weight, preferably from 10 to 50% by weight -   HNBR-partially hydrogenated or completely hydrogenated NBR rubber -   EPDM—ethylene/propylene/diene copolymers -   and mixtures of these rubbers.

It is preferable that the silica-containing rubber mixtures also comprise from 0.3 to 7 parts by weight of one or more silicon-free polysulphide additives of the formula (I) or of any of the formulae derived therefrom, as listed in the claims (hereinafter termed silicon-free polysulphide additives), based on 100 parts by weight of rubber used.

It is preferable that the amount of sulphur-containing alkoxysilane is greater than or equal to the amount of the silicon-free polysulphide additive.

It is preferable that the sulphur-containing alkoxysilane is used in a ratio by weight of from 1.5:1 to 20:1, particularly from 5:1 to 15:1, in relation to the silicon-free polysulphide additive.

It is preferable that the rubber mixture according to the invention comprises from 0.5 to 5 parts by weight, based on 100 parts by weight of rubber used, of a silicon-free polysulphide additive.

The present invention further provides rubber vulcanizates which can be produced from the rubber mixtures according to the invention.

The present invention further provides a process for producing filled rubber vulcanizates, characterized in that

-   -   i) at least one rubber is mixed with     -   ii) from 10 to 150% by weight, preferably from 30 to 120% by         weight, based on rubber (i), of filler and     -   iii) from 0.1 to 15% by weight, preferably from 0.3 to 7% by         weight, based on rubber (i), of silicon-free polysulphide         additives         where the temperatures of the composition are at least 120° C.         and shear rates are from 1 to 1000 sec (exp. −1), preferably         from 1 to 100 sec (exp. −1) and the mixture is then vulcanized         conventionally after addition of further vulcanization         chemicals.

The silicon-free polysulphide additives according to the invention are preferably added in the first portion of the mixing process when temperatures of the composition are from 100 to 200° C. and the shear rates are those mentioned, but it can also be added later at lower temperatures (from 40 to 100° C.), for example together with sulphur and accelerator.

The form in which the silicon-free polysulphide additives are added to the mixing process can either be pure form or else a form absorbed on inert, organic or inorganic carriers. Preferred carrier materials are silica, natural or synthetic silicates, aluminium oxide and/or carbon black.

For the purposes of this invention, silica-containing fillers that can be used for the rubber mixture and rubber vulcanizates according to the invention comprise the following fillers:

-   -   fine-particle silica, produced for example by precipitation from         solutions of silicates or flame hydrolysis of silicon halides         with specific surface areas of from 5 to 1000 m²/g, preferably         from 20 to 400 m²/g (BET surface area) and with primary particle         sizes of from 10 to 400 nm. The silicas can optionally also take         the form of mixed oxides with other metal oxides, such as Al,         Mg, Ca, Ba, Zn, Zr, Ti oxides.     -   Synthetic silicates, such as aluminium silicate, alkaline earth         metal silicates, such as magnesium silicate or calcium silicate,         with BET surface areas of from 20 to 400 m²/g and primary         particle size of from 10 to 400 nm,     -   natural silicates, such as kaolin and other naturally occurring         silicas,     -   glass fibres and glass-fibre products (mats, strands) or glass         microbeads.

Other fillers that can be used are carbon blacks. The carbon blacks to be used here are produced by way of example by the lamp-black process, furnace-black process or gas-black process and have BET surface areas of from 20 to 200 m²/g, examples being SAF, ISAF, IISAF, HAF, FEF, or GPF carbon black.

Amounts preferably used of the silicon-free polysulphide additives in the rubber mixtures according to the invention are from 0.3 to 7%, based on rubber.

One particularly preferred variant consists in the combination of silica, carbon black and silicon-free polysulphide additives. The ratio of silica to carbon black in this combination can be varied within any desired limits. For the purposes of tyre technology, preference is given to silica:carbon black ratios of from 20:1 to 1.5:1.

Sulphur-containing silanes that can be used for the rubber vulcanizates according to the invention are preferably bis(triethoxysilylpropyl)tetrasulphane and the corresponding disulphane and 3-triethoxysilyl-1-propanethiol or silanes such as Si 363 from Evonik, Germany or silane NXT or NXT Z from Momentive (previously GE, USA), where the alkoxy moiety is methoxy or ethoxy where amounts used are from 2 to 20 parts by weight, preferably from 3 to 11 parts by weight, calculated in each case as 100% strength active ingredient and based on 100 parts by weight of rubber. However, it is also possible to use a mixture made of the said sulphur-containing silanes.

Liquid sulphur-containing silanes can have been absorbed on a carrier to improve ease of metering and/or ease of dispersion (dry liquid). Active ingredient content is from 30 to 70 parts by weight, preferably from 40 to 60 parts by weight, for every 100 parts by weight of dry liquid.

The rubber vulcanizates according to the invention can comprise other rubber auxiliaries, for example reaction accelerators, antioxidants, heat stabilizers, light stabilizers, antiozonants, processing aids, plasticizers, tackifiers, blowing agents, dyes, pigments, waxes, extenders, organic acids, retardants, metal oxides, and also activators, such as triethanolamine, polyethylene glycol, hexanetriol, where these are known to the rubber industry.

The amount used of the rubber auxiliaries is conventional and depends inter alia on the intended purpose of the vulcanizates. Conventional amounts, based on rubber, are from 0.1 to 30% by weight.

The following are used as crosslinking agents: peroxides, sulphur, magnesium oxide, zinc oxide, and the known vulcanization accelerators can also be added to these, for example mercaptobenzothiazoles, -sulphenamides, thiurams, thiocarbamates, guanidines, xanthogenates and thiophosphates. Preference is given to sulphur.

The amounts used of the crosslinking agents and vulcanization accelerators are about 0.1 to 10% by weight, preferably 0.1 to 5% by weight, based on rubber.

As mentioned above, it is advantageous to add antioxidants to the rubber mixture to counteract the effect of heat and oxygen. Suitable phenolic antioxidants are alkylated phenols, styrenated phenol, sterically hindered phenols such as 2,6-di-tert-butylphenol, 2,6-di-tert-butyl-p-cresol (BHT), 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-ethylphenol, sterically hindered phenols containing ester groups, sterically hindered phenols containing thioether, 2,2′-methylenebis(4-methyl-6-tert-butylphenol) (BPH), and also sterically hindered thiobisphenols.

If discoloration of the rubber is not significant, are also used, aminic antioxidants, e.g. mixtures of diaryl-p-phenylenediamines (DTPD), octylated diphenylamine (ODPA), phenyl-α-naphthylamine (PAN), phenyl-β-naphthylamine (PBN), preferably those based on phenylenediamine. Examples of phenylenediamines are N-isopropyl-N′-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine, N-1,3-dimethylbutyl-N′-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine (6PPD), N-1,4-dimethylpentyl-N′-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine (7PPD), N,N′-bis(1,4-dimethylpentyl)-p-phenylenediamine (77PD).

Among the other antioxidants are phosphites such as tris(nonylphenyl)phosphite, polymerized 2,2,4-trimethyl-1,2-dihydroquinoline (TMQ), 2-mercaptobenzimidazole (MBI), methyl-2-mercaptobenzimidazole (MMBI), zinc methylmercaptobenzimidazole (ZMMBI). The phosphites are generally used in combination with phenolic antioxidants. TMQ, MBI and MMBI are mainly used for NBR types which are vulcanized peroxidically.

Ozone resistance can be improved by using antioxidants known to a person skilled in the art, such as N-1,3-dimethylbutyl-N′-phenyl-p-phenylenediarnine (6PPD), N-1,4-dimethylpentyl-N′-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine (7PPD), N,N′-bis(1,4-dimethylpentyl)-p-phenylenediamine (77PD), enol ethers or cyclic acetals.

Processing aids are intended to act between the rubber particles and to counteract frictional forces during the mixing, plastification and shaping process. Processing aids which can be present in the rubber mixture according to the invention are any of the lubricants conventionally used for the processing of plastics, for example hydrocarbons, such as oils, paraffins and PE waxes, fatty alcohols having from 6 to 20 carbon atoms, ketones, carboxylic acids, such as fatty acids and montanic acids, oxidized PE wax, metal salts of carboxylic acids, carboxamides and carboxylic esters, for example with the following alcohols: ethanol, fatty alcohols, glycerol, ethanediol, pentaerythritol, and long-chain carboxylic acids as acid component.

The rubber mixture can be crosslinked not only with sulphur accelerator systems but also with peroxides.

Examples of crosslinking agents that can be used are peroxidic crosslinking agents such as bis(2,4-dichlorobenzyl) peroxide, dibenzoyl peroxide, bis(4-chlorobenzoyl) peroxide, 1,1-bis(tert-butylperoxy)-3,3,5-tri methylcyclohexane, tert-butyl perbenzoate, 2,2-bis(tert-butylperoxy)butene, 4,4-di-tert-butyl peroxynonylvalerate, dicumyl peroxide, 2,5-dimethyl-2,5-di(tert-butylperoxy)hexane, tert-butylcumyl peroxide, 1,3-bis(tert-butylperoxyisopropyl)benzene, di-tert-butyl peroxide and 2,5-dimethyl-2,5-di(tert-butylperoxy)hex-3-yne.

It can be advantageous to use, alongside the said peroxidic crosslinking agents, further additions which can be used to increase crosslinking yield: a suitable example here being triallyl isocyanurate, triallyl cyanurate, trimethylolpropane tri(meth)acrylate, triallyl trimellitate, ethylene glycol dimethacrylate, butanediol dimethacrylate, trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate, Zn diacrylate, Zn dimethacrylate, 1,2-polybutadiene or N,N′-m-phenylenedimaleimide.

Another crosslinking agent that can be used is sulphur in elemental soluble or insoluble form or sulphur donors.

Examples of sulphur donors that can be used are dimorpholyl disulphide (DTDM), 2-morpholino-dithiobenzothiazole (MBSS), caprolactam disulphide, dipentamethylenethiuram tetrasulphide (DPTT), and tetramethylthiuram disulphide (TMTD).

For the sulphur-vulcanization of the rubber mixture according to the invention, it is also possible to use further additions which can be used to increase crosslinking yield. In principle, however, it is also possible to use sulphur or sulphur donors alone for crosslinking.

Examples of suitable additions which can be used to increase crosslinking yield are dithiocarbamates, thiurams, thiazoles, sulphenamides, xanthogenates, bi- or polycyclic amines, guanidine derivatives, dithiophosphates, caprolactams and thiourea derivatives.

Examples of equally suitable additions are: diammine zinc diisocyanate, hexamethylenetetramine, 1,3-bis(citraconimidomethyl)benzene and also cyclic disulphanes.

Preference is given to the sulphur accelerator system in the rubber mixture according to the invention.

In order to reduce flammability and to reduce smoke generation during combustion, the rubber mixture composition according to the invention can also comprise flame retardants. An example of a flame retardant used is antimony trioxide, phosphoric esters, chloroparaffin, aluminium hydroxide, boron compounds, zinc compounds, molybdenum trioxide, ferrocene, calcium carbonate or magnesium carbonate.

The rubber vulcanizate can also comprise further synthetic polymers, acting by way of example as polymeric processing aids or impact modifiers. The said synthetic polymers are selected from the group consisting of the homo- and copolymers based on ethylene, propylene, butadiene, styrene, vinyl acetate, vinyl chloride, glycidyl acrylate, glycidyl methacrylate, acrylates and methacrylates having alcohol components of branched or unbranched C1-C10-alcohols. Particular mention may be made of polyacrylates having identical or different alcohol moieties from the group of the C4-C8-alcohols, particularly of butanol, hexanol, octanol and 2-ethylhexanol, polymethyl methacrylate, methyl methacrylate-butyl acrylate copolymers, methyl methacrylate-butyl methacrylate copolymers, ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymers, chlorinated polyethylene, ethylene-propylene copolymers, ethylene-propylene-diene copolymers.

The rubber vulcanizate according to the invention can be used for producing foams. For this, chemical or physical blowing agents are added. Chemical blowing agents that can be used are any of the substances known for this purpose, for example azodicarbonamide, p-toluolsulphonyl hydrazide, 4,4′-oxybis(benzenesulphonyl hydrazide), p-toluenesulphonylsemicarbazide, 5-phenyltetrazole, N,N′-dinitrosopentamethylenetetramine, zinc carbonate or sodium hydrogencarbonate, and also mixtures comprising these substances. An example of a suitable physical blowing agent is carbon dioxide or halogenated hydrocarbons.

The vulcanization process can take place at temperatures of from 100 to 200° C., preferably from 130 to 180° C., optionally under a pressure of from 10 to 200 bar.

The blending of the rubber with the filler and with the sulphur-containing additives of the formula (I) can be carried out in/on conventional mixing assemblies, for example rolls, internal mixers and mixing extruders.

The rubber vulcanizates according to the invention are suitable for producing mouldings with improved properties, e.g. for producing cable sheathing, hoses, drive belts, conveyor belts, roll coverings, tyres, shoe soles, sealing rings and damping elements.

An important factor in the processing of rubbers is that the rubber mixture initially prepared with the additives has low flow viscosity (Mooney viscosity ML 1+4/100° C.), so that it is easy to process. In many applications, the intention is that the vulcanization process which follows (for example at 170° C., t95) for the rubber mixture is to proceed as rapidly as possible with exposure to heat, in order to restrict the cost of time and of energy.

The scorch time (for example t5) is intended to be relatively long, depending on the shaping process.

It is preferable that the loss factor tan delta of a vulcanizate produced from the silica-containing rubber mixture according to the invention by heating at 170° C./t95 is <0.2 at 60° C. and that the

Shore A hardness thereof is simultaneously >67 at 23° C., and it is particularly preferable that the loss factor tan delta is <0.17 at 60° C. and that the shore A hardness is simultaneously >70 at 23° C. The 300 modulus value of the vulcanizate is >12 MPa, preferably >15 MPa.

It is preferable that the loss factor tan delta of a vulcanizate produced from the silica-containing rubber mixture by heating at 170° C./t95 is less than 0.17 at 60° C. and that its scorch time is simultaneously greater than 1000 seconds.

It is preferable that the loss factor tan delta of a vulcanizate produced from the silica-containing rubber mixture by heating at 170° C./t95 is less than 0.17 at 60° C. and that its full vulcanization time is simultaneously less than 2000 seconds.

It is preferable that the scorch time of a vulcanizate produced from the silica-containing rubber mixture by heating at 170° C./t95 is greater than 1000 seconds and that its full vulcanization time is simultaneously less than 2000 seconds.

The ML 1+4 viscosity of the silica-containing rubber mixture at 100° C. is preferably less than 150, preferably less than 100, particularly preferably less than 95.

A further invention is the use of the silica-containing rubber mixture according to the invention for producing vulcanizates and rubber mouldings of any type, in particular for producing tyres and tyre components.

The automobile industry has been searching for cost-effective ways of reaching the target of no more than 130 g/km of CO₂ emission, at least since the European Union has been concerned with the limits for carbon dioxide emission from cars. Low-rolling-resistance tyres are of substantial importance here. They reduce fuel consumption by requiring less energy for deformation during free wheeling.

In order that the reduction of rolling resistance is not achieved at the cost of other important properties, the requirements relating to wet grip and rolling noise are also simultaneously refined. A first indication of wet skid performance and rolling resistance is given by the loss factor tan delta, This should be as high as possible at 0° C. (good wet skid resistance) and as low as possible at from 60 to 70° C. (low rolling resistance). The hardness of a rubber vulcanizate gives a first indication of its stiffness.

EXAMPLES Example 1

-   Apparatus: 2000 ml four-necked flask with thermometer, dropping     funnel with pressure equalization, reflux condenser with     gas-discharge attachment (bubble counter) and tubing, stirrer

Initial charge: 79.3 g = 0.2 mol of Duralink HTS from Flexsys (98.48%) 480 ml of demineralized water 33.6 g = 0.4 mol of sodium hydrogencarbonate 32.5 g = 0.4 mol of about 37% formaldehyde solution 960 ml of toluene Feed: 31.6 g = 0.4 mol of 2-mercaptoethanol (Aldrich, ≧99%)

Duralink HTS and water are used as initial charge in the nitrogen-flushed apparatus. The stirrer is H) switched on, and then first sodium hydrogencarbonate is added, followed by formaldehyde and toluene.

At a reaction temperature of from 20 to 25° C., 2-mercaptoethanol is then added dropwise within about 30 min, with nitrogen blanketing.

Once addition has ended, stirring is continued at 20-25° C. overnight. The mixture is transferred to a 2 1 separating funnel. After addition of 8.8 g of sodium chloride, the phases can be separated. The aqueous phase is then extracted twice, in each case with 300 ml of toluene. The combined organic phases are extracted three times, in each case with 300 ml of demineralized water, dried over sodium sulphate, and isolated by filtration.

The product is extracted by freezing at −6° C., isolated by way of a D4 frit, and dried in a vacuum drying oven at 25° C.

Yield: 30.2 g (50%) of the idealized formula

Example 2

Batch size: 0.25 mol

-   Apparatus: 2000 ml four-necked flask with thermometer, dropping     funnel with pressure equalization, reflux condenser with     gas-discharge attachment (bubble counter) and tubing, 250 rpm     stirrer, pH meter

Initial charge: 99.1 g = 0.25 mol of Duralink HTS from Flexsys (98.48%) 600 ml of demineralized water 42 g = 0.5 mol of about 37% formaldehyde solution 42 g = 0.5 mol of sodium hydrogencarbonate 50 ml of toluene Feed: 54.4 g = 0.5 mol of thioglycerol (99.4%, Bruno Bock)

Duralink HTS and water are used as initial charge in the nitrogen-flushed apparatus. The stirrer is switched on, and then first sodium hydrogencarbonate is added, followed by formaldehyde and then toluene.

At a reaction temperature of from 20 to 25° C., the thioglycerol is then added dropwise within about 30 min, with nitrogen blanketing. Once addition has ended, a further 200 ml of demineralized water are added so that the mixture is easier to stir. Stirring is then continued at from 20 to 25° C. for 22 h, and the solid is then isolated by suction filtration by means of a D4 frit. The product is then washed six times, in each case with 500 ml demineralized water (conductivity<0.3 milli siemens). The product is then dried to constant weight at 25° C. in a vacuum drying oven.

Yield: 80.4 g (90.6%) of the idealized formula

Example 3

Apparatus: 2000 ml four-necked flask with thermometer, dropping funnel with pressure equalization, reflux condenser with gas-discharge attachment (bubble counter) and tubing, 250 rpm stirrer, Dulcometer

Initial charge: 88.6 g = 0.22 mol of Duralink HTS from Flexsys 600 ml of demineralized water 42 g = 0.5 mol of about 37% formaldehyde solution 42 g = 0.5 mol of sodium hydrogencarbonate Feed: 53.61 g = 0.5 mol of 3-mercaptopropionic acid (Aldrich, ≧99%) Auxiliaries: 15% NaOH 37% HCl

Duralink HTS and water are used as initial charge in the nitrogen-flushed apparatus. The stirrer is switched on, and then first sodium hydrogencarbonate is added, followed by formaldehyde.

At a reaction temperature of from 20 to 25° C., the 3-mercaptopropionic acid is then added dropwise within about 1 h, with nitrogen blanketing. During the reaction, a Dulcometer is used to maintain the pH value at pH 8 (±0.2), with 15% NaOH.

Once addition has ended, the pH is adjusted to pH 2 with 37% hydrochloric acid, under nitrogen blanketing, with cooling, at 22 (±1)° C.

The reaction suspension is then subjected to suction filtration by means of a D4 frit. The product is then washed six times, in each case with 300 ml of demineralised water (conductivity<0.3 milli siemens). The product is dried to constant weight at 25° C. in a vacuum drying oven.

Yield: 50.8 g (64.4%) of the idealized formula

Example 4

-   Apparatus: 2000 ml four-necked flask with thermometer, dropping     funnel with pressure equalization, reflux condenser with     gas-discharge attachment (bubble counter) and tubing, stirrer,     gas-inlet tube

Initial charge: 99.1 g = 0.25 mol of Duralink HTS from Flexsys (98.48%) 600 ml of demineralized water 41.1 g = 0.5 mol of about 36.5% formaldehyde solution 42 g = 0.5 mol of sodium hydrogencarbonate Feed: 78.7 g = 0.5 mol of 2-mercaptobenzoic acid (98%), dissolved in 500 ml of water at pH 8 under nitrogen via NaOH addition Auxiliary: 37% HCl

Duralink HTS and water are used as initial charge in the nitrogen-flushed apparatus. The stirrer is switched on, and then first sodium hydrogencarbonate is added, followed by formaldehyde.

At a reaction temperature of from 20 to 25° C., the solution of sodium salt of 2-mercaptobenzoic acid is then added dropwise within about 1 h, with nitrogen blanketing. Once addition has ended, stirring is continued for 22 h and then the pH is adjusted to pH 2 with 37% hydrochloric acid, under nitrogen blanketing, at from 20 to 25° C.

Stirring is continued for a further hour, and the solid is then isolated by suction filtration by means of a D4 frit. The product is then washed, in each case with 300 ml of demineralized water (conductivity<0.3 milli siemens). The product is then dried to constant weight at 25° C. in a vacuum drying oven.

Yield: 113.3 g (99.7%) of a polysulphide mixture of the idealized formula

Example 5

-   Apparatus: 2000 ml four-necked flask with thermometer, dropping     funnel with pressure equalization, reflux condenser with     gas-discharge attachment (bubble counter) and tubing, stirrer, pH     meter

Initial charge: 79.6 g = 0.2 mol of Duralink HTS from Flexsys (98.14%) 272 ml of demineralized water 32.9 g = 0.4 mol of about 36.5% formaldehyde solution 33.6 g = 0.4 mol of sodium hydrogencarbonate 40 ml of toluene Feed: 791.7 g = 0.4 mol Na salt of morpholinedithiocarboxylic acid (11.7%)

Duralink HTS and water are used as initial charge in the nitrogen-flushed apparatus. The stirrer is switched on, and then first sodium hydrogencarbonate is added, followed by formaldehyde and then toluene.

At a reaction temperature of from 20 to 25° C., the Na salt of morpholinedithiocarboxylic acid (aqueous solution) is then added dropwise within about 30 min, with nitrogen blanketing. Once addition has ended, stirring is continued at from 20 to 25° C. for 22 h, and the solid is then isolated by suction filtration by means of a D4 frit. The product is then washed four times, in each case with 300 ml demineralized water (conductivity<0.3 milli siemens). The product is then dried to constant weight at 35° C. in a vacuum drying oven.

Yield: 35.9 g (38%) of the idealized formula

Results:

The examples below provide further explanation of invention, but there is no intention that the invention be restricted thereby.

The following rubber formulations, listed in Table 1, were selected for the tests. Unless otherwise stated, all numeric data are based on “parts per hundred rubber” (phr).

The following rubber mixtures were produced in a 1.5 L internal mixer (70 rpm), start temperature 80° C., mixing time: 5 minutes. Sulphur and accelerator were finally admixed on a roll (temperature: 50° C.).

TABLE 1 Rubber formulation Reference Ex. 1 Ex. 2 Ex. 3 Ex. 4 Ex. 5 BUNA CB 24 30 30 30 30 30 30 (oil-extended rubber from Lanxess Deutschland GmbH) BUNA VSL 5025-1 96 96 96 96 96 96 (Lanxess Deutschland GmbH) CORAX N 339 6.4 6.4 6.4 6.4 6.4 6.4 (commercially available carbon black) VULKASIL S 80 80 80 80 80 80 (precipitated silica from Lanxess Deutschland GmbH) TUDALEN 1849-1 8 8 8 8 8 8 (mineral oil) EDENOR C 18 98-100 1 1 1 1 1 1 VULKANOX 4020/LG 1 1 1 1 1 1 VULKANOX HS/LG 1 1 1 1 1 1 ROTSIEGEL ZINC 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 WHITE ANTILUX 654 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 SI 69 6.4 6.4 6.4 6.4 6.4 6.4 VULKACIT D/C 2 2 2 2 2 2 VULKACIT CZ/C 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 CHANCEL 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 90/95 GRIND SULPHUR Example 1 1 Example 2 1 Example 3 1 Example 4 1 Example 5 1

TABLE 2 Collation of results Parameter Unit DIN Reference Ex. 1 Ex. 2 Ex. 3 Ex. 4 Ex. 5 Mooney viscosity [MU] 53523 95 90 86 94 89 83 (ML 1 + 4) Mooney scorch time sec acc. to 1253 1060 638 1573 1495 1305 at 130° C. (t5) ASTM D 5289-95 Full vulcanization at sec 53529 1417 1520 1320 1798 1588 1369 170° C./t95 Shore A hardness at [Shore A] 53505 66 67 67 69 72 68 23° C. 300 modulus MPa 53504 15 15 16 15 15 15 Elongation at break % 53504 349 361 361 384 338 371 Tensile strength MPa 53504 19 19 20 21 18 20 Abrasion mm³ 53516 74 85 83 80 76 82 Wet grip (tan d (0° C.)) — 0.463 0.351 0.393 0.432 0.407 0.433 Rolling resistance — 0.133 0.151 0.146 0.151 0.145 0.146 (tan d (60° C.))

Surprisingly, as shown by the results in Table 2, hardness (Shore A) measured in all of the examples was higher in comparison with the reference. The mechanical properties, such as tensile strength, elongation at break and 300 modulus, remained almost unaltered here. All of the vulcanizates tested exhibit comparable good wet grip and comparable good rolling resistance when compared with the reference (tan delta at 0° C.>0.35 and tan delta at 60° C.<0.2) and likewise very advantageous abrasion values (<100 mm³).

Testing of the Rubber Mixture and of the Vulcanizates: Mooney Viscosity Measurement:

Viscosity can be determined directly from the resisting force exerted by the rubbers (and rubber mixtures) while they are processed. In the Mooney shearing-disc viscometer a grooved disc is surrounded above and below by sample substance and is rotated at about two revolutions per minute in a heatable chamber. The force required for this purpose is measured in the form of torque and corresponds to the respective viscosity. The specimen is generally preheated to 100° C. for 1 minute; the measurement takes a further 4 minutes, while the temperature is held constant.

The viscosity is given together with the respective test conditions, an example being ML (1+4) 100° C. (Mooney viscosity, large rotor, preheat time and test time in minutes, test temperature).

The viscosities of the rubber mixtures specified in table 1 are measured by means of a Mooney shearing-disk viscometer.

Scorch Performance (t5 Scorch Time):

The same test can also be used as described above to measure the “scorch” performance of a mixture. The temperature selected in this patent is 130° C. The rotor runs until, after the torque value has passed through a minimum, it has risen to 5 Mooney units relative to the minimum value (t5). The greater the value (the unit here being seconds), the slower the scorch (high scorch values here).

Rheometer (Vulcameter) 170° C./t95 Full Vulcanization Time:

The progress of vulcanization in a MDR (moving die rheometer) and analytical data therefor are measured in accordance with ASTM D5289-95 in a MDR 2000 Monsanto rheometer. Table 2 collates the results of this test.

The time at which 95% of the rubber has crosslinked is measured as the full vulcanization time. The temperature selected was 170° C.

Determination of Hardness:

In order to determine the hardness of the rubber mixture according to the invention, milled sheets of thickness 6 mm made of the rubber mixture were produced according to formulations from table 1. Test specimens of diameter 35 mm were cut from the milled sheets, and the Shore A hardness values were determined for these by means of a digital Shore hardness tester (Zwick GmbH & Co. KG, Ulm).

Tensile Test:

The tensile test serves directly to determine the loading limits of an elastomer. The longitudinal elongation at break is divided by the initial length to give the elongation at break. The force required to reach certain stages of elongation, mostly 50, 100, 200 and 300%, is also determined and expressed as modulus (tensile strength at the given elongation of 300%, or 300 modulus).

Table 2 lists the test results. Dyn. Damping:

Dynamic test methods are used to characterize the deformation performance of elastomers under loadings which change periodically. An external stress changes the conformation of the polymer chain.

This measurement determines the loss factor tan delta indirectly by way of the ratio between loss modulus G″ and storage modulus G′. 

What is claimed is:
 1. Silica-containing rubber mixture produced from at least one rubber, from a sulphur-containing alkoxysilane, from a crosslinking agent, from a filler, and optionally from further rubber auxiliaries, characterized in that the said mixture comprises from 0.1 to 15 parts by weight, based on 100 parts by weight of rubber used, of a silicon-free polysulphide additive of the formula (I) A-S—(S)_(x)—S—Y—S—(S)_(x)—S-A  (I) where x is 0, 1 or 2, Y is an optionally substituted or heteroatom-containing aliphatic, cycloaliphatic or aromatic group and A is a moiety

where R¹ to R² are identical or different and are hydrogen, C₁-C₆-alkyl, C₅-C₆-cycloalkyl, C₆-C₁₀-aryl or a group —CH₂—OR⁵, —CH₂—CH₂—OR⁵, —NHR⁵, —COR⁵, —COOR⁵, —CH₂COOR³, where R⁵=hydrogen, C₁-C₆-alkyl, C₅-C₆-cycloalkyl, C₆-C₁₀-aryl or C₁-C₆-acyl, or A is a moiety

in which R¹ and R² are identical or different and are hydrogen, C₁-C₆-alkyl, C₅-C₆-cycloalkyl, C₆-C₁₀-aryl or a group —CH₂—OR⁵, —CH₂—CH₂—OR⁵, —NHR⁵, —COR⁵, —COOR⁵, —CH₂COOR⁵, where R⁵=hydrogen, C₁-C₆-alkyl, C₅-C₆-cycloalkyl, C₆-C₁₀-aryl or C₁-C₆-acyl, or A is a moiety

in which R¹ to R² are identical or different and hydrogen, C₁-C₆-alkyl, C₅-C₆-cycloalkyl, C₆-C₁₀-aryl or a group —CH₂—OR⁵, —CH₂—CH₂—OR⁵, —NHR⁵, —COR⁵, —COOR⁵, —CH₂COOR⁵, where R⁵=hydrogen, C₁-C₆-alkyl, C₅-C₆-cycloalkyl, C₆-C₁₀-aryl or C₁-C₆-acyl, and R⁶ is hydrogen, C₁-C₆-alkyl, C₅-C₆-cycloalkyl, C₆-C₁₀-aryl or a group —CH₂—OR⁵, —CH₂—CH₂—OR⁵, —NHR⁵, —COR⁵, —COOR⁵, —CH₂COOR⁵, where R⁵=hydrogen, C₁-C₆-alkyl, C₅-C₆-cycloalkyl, C₆-C₁₀-aryl or C₁-C₆-acyl and y is 0, 1 or
 2. 2. Silica-containing rubber mixture according to claim 1, characterized in that Y is one of the following groups: —(—CH₂—)_(a)— where a=from 2 to 12,

where a=from 2 to 12,

where b=from 1 to 4,

where b=from 1 to 4, and preferably Y is —(CH₂)₆—.
 3. Silica-containing rubber mixture according to claims 1 and 2, characterized in that at least one compound of the formula (II) is used as the polysulphide additive.


4. Silica-containing rubber mixture according to claims 1 and 2, characterized in that at least one compound of the formula (III) is used as the polysulphide additive.


5. Silica-containing rubber mixture according to claims 1 and 2, characterized in that at least one compound of formula (IV), (IVa), (V), (Va), (VI), or (VIa) is used as the polysulphide component.


6. Silica-containing rubber mixture according to claims 1 and 2, characterized in that at least one compound of the formula (VII) is used as the polysulphide additive.


7. Silica-containing rubber mixture according to claims 1 and 2, characterized in that at least one compound of the formula (VIII) is used as the polysulphide additive,

in which R⁸, R⁹, R¹⁰ and R¹¹ are mutually independently hydrogen, C₁-C₆-alkyl, C₅-C₆-cycloalkyl, C₆-C₁₀-aryl or a group —CH₂—OR⁵, —CH₂—CH₂—OR⁵, —CH₂—COOR⁵, —CH₂—CH₂—COOR⁵, and R⁸ and R⁹ and, respectively, R¹⁰ and R¹¹ can optionally together with the respective nitrogen atom form a ring and R⁵ is as defined above and at least one of the moieties R⁸, R⁹, R¹⁰ and R¹¹ comprises one or more oxygen atoms.
 8. Silica-containing rubber mixture according to claim 7, characterized in that at least one compound of the formula (IX) is used as the polysulphide additive.


9. Silica-containing rubber mixture according to any of the preceding claims, characterized in that at least one compound of the formula (X) is used as the polysulphide additive.


10. Silica-containing rubber mixture according to any of the preceding claims, characterized in that at least one compound of the formula (XI) is used as polysulphide additive.


11. Silica-containing rubber mixture according to any of the preceding claims, characterized in that the amount of sulphur-containing alkoxysilanes is greater than or equal to the amount of silicon-free polysulphide additives.
 12. Silica-containing rubber mixture according to any of the preceding claims, characterized in that it comprises at least one SBR rubber and at least one BR rubber.
 13. Silica-containing rubber mixture according to claim 12, characterized in that it comprises at least one SBR rubber and at least one BR rubber in an SBR:BR ratio by weight of from 60:40 to 90:10.
 14. Silica-containing rubber mixture according to claim 13, characterized in that it also comprises at least one NR rubber.
 15. Silica-containing rubber mixture according to claim 14, characterized in that it comprises at least one SBR rubber and at least one BR rubber and at least one NR rubber in a ratio of at least 60 and at most 85 percent by weight of SBR, based on rubber, and at least 10 and at most 35 percent by weight of BR, based on rubber, and at least 5 and at most 20 percent by weight of NR, based on rubber.
 16. Silica-containing rubber mixture according to any of the preceding claims, characterized in that it comprises from 1 to 15 parts by weight of one or more sulphur-containing alkoxysilanes, based on 100 parts by weight of rubber used.
 17. Silica-containing rubber mixture according to any of the preceding claims, characterized in that it comprises from 0.3 to 7 parts by weight of one or more silicon-free polysulphide additives, based on 100 parts by weight of rubber used.
 18. Silica-containing rubber mixture according to any of the preceding claims, characterized in that the sulphur-containing alkoxysilane is used in a ratio by weight of from 1.5:1 to 20:1, preferably from 5:1 to 15:1, in relation to the silicon-free polysulphide additive.
 19. Silica-containing rubber mixture according to any of the preceding claims, characterized in that the said mixture comprises from 0.5 to 5 parts by weight, based on 100 parts by weight of rubber used, of a silicon-free polysulphide additive.
 20. Silica-containing rubber mixture according to any of the preceding claims, characterized in that it comprises one or more inorganic and/or organic fillers, where the amounts used of the fillers are in the range from 50 to 200 parts by weight, preferably from 60 to 120 parts by weight, based on 100 parts by weight of rubbers used.
 21. Silica-containing rubber mixture according to claim 20, characterized in that the fillers are selected from the group of oxidic and silicatic fillers and carbon blacks or a mixture of these.
 22. Silica-containing rubber mixture according to claim 21, characterized in that at least one filler is selected from the group of precipitated silicas and/or silicates with a specific surface area of from 20 to 400 m²/g, preferably with a specific surface area of from 100 to 200 m²/g.
 23. Silica-containing rubber mixture according to any of the preceding claims, characterized in that the loss factor tan delta of a vulcanizate produced therefrom by heating at 170° C./t95 is <0.2 at 60° C. and the Shore A hardness thereof is simultaneously >67 at 23° C. and the 300 modulus value thereof is >12 MPa, preferably >15 MPa.
 24. Silica-containing rubber mixture according to any of the preceding claims, characterized in that the loss factor tan delta of a vulcanizate produced therefrom by heating at 170° C./t95 is <0.17 at 60° C. and the Shore A hardness thereof is simultaneously >70 at 23° C.
 25. Silica-containing rubber mixture according to any of the preceding claims, characterized in that the loss factor tan delta of a vulcanizate produced therefrom by heating at 170° C./t95 is less than 0.17 at 60° C. and its scorch time is simultaneously greater than 1000 seconds.
 26. Silica-containing rubber mixture according to any of the preceding claims, characterized in that the loss factor tan delta of a vulcanizate produced therefrom by heating at 170° C./t95 is less than 0.17 at 60° C. and its full vulcanization time is simultaneously less than 2000 seconds.
 27. Silica-containing rubber mixture according to any of the preceding claims, characterized in that the scorch time of a vulcanizate produced therefrom by heating at 170° C./t95 is greater than 1000 seconds and its full vulcanization time is simultaneously less than 2000 seconds.
 28. Silica-containing mixture according to claims 1 to 10, characterized in that the ML 1+4 viscosity of the mixture at 100° C. is less than 150, preferably less than 100, particularly preferably less than
 95. 29. Use of the silica-containing rubber mixture according to any of the preceding claims for producing vulcanizates and rubber mouldings of any type, in particular for producing tyres and tyre components.
 30. Vulcanizates and rubber mouldings of any type, in particular tyres and tyre components, based on silica-containing rubber mixtures according to any of the preceding claims.
 31. Polysulphide additives of the formula 